Reduction of load intensity:-
Foundations distribute the loads of the super-structure, to a larger area so that the intensity of the load at its base (i.e. total load divided by the total area) does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the sub-soil. In the case of deep foundations, it transmits the super-imposed loads to the sub-soil both through side friction as well as through end bearing.
Even distribution of load:-
Foundations distribute the nonuniform load of the super-structure evenly to be sub-soil. For example, two columns carrying unequal loads can have a combined footing which may transmit the load to sub-soil evenly with uniform soil pressure. Due lo this, unequal or differential settlements are minimized.
Provision of level surface:-
Foundations provide levelled and hard surface over which the super-structure can be built.
Lateral stability:-
It anchors the super-structure to the ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the super-structure. The stability of the building, against sliding and overturning, due to horizontal forces (such as wind, earthquake etc.) is increased due to foundations.
Protection against soil movements:-
Special foundation measures prevents or minimizes the distress (or cracks) in the super-structure, due to expansion or contraction of the sub-soil because of moisture movement in some problematic soils.
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